甲烷排放如何导致气候变化?
美国和欧盟宣布了一项新的承诺,即到2030年将全球甲烷排放量比2020年的水平减少至少30%,目的是让更多的主要排放国加入今年晚些时候在格拉斯哥举行的年度气候会议。该承诺首次为未来十年遏制这种危险的气候污染物奠定了基础。
这一宣布来得不够快,因为除了大幅减少二氧化碳外,减少甲烷排放对于防止全球气温上升超过关键的1.5摄氏度阈值至关重要。然而,尽管迫切需要解决这些污染物,但全球甲烷排放量仍在继续上升,2020 年是有史以来最高的大气中甲烷浓度。最近的报告,如全球甲烷评估和政府间气候变化专门委员会的第六次评估报告,也强调了迅速采取行动减少甲烷的必要性。
好消息是,对甲烷采取行动会带来巨大的好处,有助于限制近期气温上升并改善空气质量,从而改善公共卫生结果并改善粮食安全。这些行动通常可以零成本或低成本实施,为政府和公司提供显着的经济效益。事实上,在某些情况下,这些行动在初始投资得到回报后节省了成本。许多缓解措施也很容易在所有主要的甲烷排放部门(能源、农业和废物)中使用,为政府实现气候和发展目标提供了极好的解决方案。
为什么减少甲烷排放很重要?
甲烷是第二丰富的人为温室气体(GHG),在大气中20年内比二氧化碳强86倍(100年以上是二氧化碳的34倍)。由于甲烷在大气中的存在时间相对较短,因此减少甲烷在限制近期温度上升方面提供了快速的好处。研究估计,到2050年,减少甲烷的雄心勃勃的行动可以避免0.3摄氏度的变暖。
减少甲烷也有助于改善空气质量,因为它是地面臭氧的前兆,臭氧是一种有害的空气污染物,会损害人类健康和作物产量。现成的甲烷缓解措施每年还可以防止超过25万人过早死亡和2600万吨作物损失。
如何减少甲烷排放?
十二个国家约占全球甲烷排放量的三分之二:中国、俄罗斯、印度、美国、巴西、欧盟、印度尼西亚、巴基斯坦、伊朗、墨西哥、澳大利亚和尼日利亚。
大多数人为造成的甲烷排放来自三个部门 - 能源(35%),农业(40%)和废物(20%) - 因此关注这些部门的行动有助于避免直接的变暖影响。
能源
能源部门占全球甲烷排放量的三分之一以上,石油和天然气占最大份额(约14%)。甲烷排放发生在整个石油和天然气供应链中,尤其是来自泄漏设备、系统故障以及故意燃烧和排放的逸散性排放。
现有的具有成本效益的解决方案可以帮助减少排放,包括启动泄漏检测和修复计划,实施更好的技术和操作实践,以及捕获和利用否则会被浪费的甲烷。
国际能源署估计,使用现有技术可以避免约75%的石油和天然气甲烷排放总量,其中一半以上的减排是零净成本。但是,尽管密封泄漏有明确的经济理由,但公用事业公司通常通过将泄漏的天然气转嫁给消费者来收回泄漏的天然气成本。然而,自愿联盟正在齐心协力,致力于降低该行业的甲烷排放,例如石油和天然气甲烷伙伴关系以及石油和天然气气候倡议。
粮食系统
农业是全球甲烷排放的最大贡献者,约占这些排放的40%,主要来自肠道发酵(牛打嗝)、水稻种植和粪便管理。
改进农业生产做法——特别注重提高效率——可以提高牲畜和作物产量,为农民提供更多收入,同时减少单位产出的甲烷排放。在肠道发酵等减排更难实现的领域,气候农业创新使命和全球农业温室气体研究联盟等团体正在帮助刺激更大的创新和技术部署。
减少粮食损失和浪费是另一个重要领域。在整个粮食供应链中,大约三分之一的粮食损失或浪费,其中农业生产造成的损失或浪费最多,加剧了脆弱国家的粮食不安全。这些损失是由于许多因素造成的,包括生产过程中的溢出或退化。
如果算作一个国家,粮食损失和浪费将是仅次于中国和美国的第三大温室气体排放源。但是,食品生产者和消费者可以立即采取措施减少食物浪费 - 从改善库存系统,改变食品日期标签做法以及更好地促进易腐产品的销售或捐赠。
饮食选择的微小变化,特别是远离牛肉,也可以在释放农业用地和减少甲烷排放方面对全球产生影响。然而,根据全球甲烷评估的数据,实现今天宣布的承诺并不一定取决于这些饮食变化。
城市固体废物
废物部门约占全球人为甲烷排放量的20%。幸运的是,确实存在具有成本效益的缓解解决方案,其最大潜力与分离有机物和回收有关,这也可以创造新的就业机会。上游避免粮食损失和浪费也是关键。
此外,捕获垃圾填埋气和产生能源将减少甲烷排放,取代其他形式的燃料并创造新的收入来源。美国环保署预计,垃圾填埋气利用仍将是减少废物部门排放的最便宜的解决方案,通常以零净成本实施。然而,项目需要高昂的前期资本成本,这有时在较贫穷的司法管辖区可能是一种威慑。
哪些国家已经承诺减少甲烷?
除了新宣布的全球承诺外,一些国家还承担了解决甲烷问题的单独承诺。例如,在过去两年中,尼日利亚和科特迪瓦承诺到2025年将石油和天然气部门的甲烷排放量减少45%,到2030年减少60-75%。欧盟通过了一项全经济范围的甲烷战略,其配套模型表明,到2030年,该地区将需要将甲烷排放量限制在2005年之前35-37%,以实现其总体气候承诺。新西兰的目标是到2030年将生物甲烷排放量减少10%,到2050年减少24-47%,两者均与2017年的水平相比。
接下来要注意什么?
宣布全球承诺减少甲烷排放是向前迈出的重要一步——各国将首次集体承诺采取行动,在其经济的所有部门解决甲烷问题。与此同时,一些国家也正在最终确定其更新的国家气候行动计划(国家自主贡献),其中还应包括解决甲烷问题的雄心勃勃的承诺,这有助于实现《巴黎协定》的目标,并确保所有人拥有更安全的未来。
Frequently Asked Questions
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